Measured Outcomes
The primary outcome was the overall use of perioperative analgesic
medications in the ESP block group versus the surgical wound infiltration
group. The administration of all pain medications, including opioids and
nonopioids, was documented including fentanyl, oxycodone-acetaminophen,
and hydromorphone. Fentanyl use were divided into two categories,
induction and intraoperative to allow for comparison of fentanyl
requirements during the procedure. Induction fentanyl use is defined as
fentanyl use from anesthesia start to procedure start. Intraoperative
fentanyl use is any fentanyl administration after that until anesthesia
stop. Secondary outcomes were visual analog pain scale (VAS) scores
(0-10), intraoperative vital signs, total procedure time, total
anesthesia time and length of stay in the intensive care unit. VAS
scores were collected on the day of the VAS was measured.