Measured Outcomes
The primary outcome was the overall use of perioperative analgesic medications in the ESP block group versus the surgical wound infiltration group. The administration of all pain medications, including opioids and nonopioids, was documented including fentanyl, oxycodone-acetaminophen, and hydromorphone. Fentanyl use were divided into two categories, induction and intraoperative to allow for comparison of fentanyl requirements during the procedure. Induction fentanyl use is defined as fentanyl use from anesthesia start to procedure start. Intraoperative fentanyl use is any fentanyl administration after that until anesthesia stop. Secondary outcomes were visual analog pain scale (VAS) scores (0-10), intraoperative vital signs, total procedure time, total anesthesia time and length of stay in the intensive care unit. VAS scores were collected on the day of the VAS was measured.